Download  Economics PDF notes

Click here to Purchase Public Finance and Taxation notes
PAPER NO. 4 ECONOMICS GENERAL OBJECTIVE

This paper is intended to equip the candidate with knowledge, skills and attitudes that will enable him/her to apply the fundamental principles of economics in decision making.

LEARNING OUTCOMES

A candidate who passes this paper should be able to:

• Apply basic mathematical and graphical techniques to analyse economic relationships and interpret the results
• Apply the knowledge of economics in decision making
• Analyse economic problems and suggest possible policy related recommendations
• Apply knowledge of economics in international trade and finance
• Apply economic principles in the development and implementation of policies in agriculture and industry

CONTENT

• Microeconomics
  • Introduction to economics
    • Definition of economics
    • Basic economic concepts: economic resources, human wants, scarcity and choice, opportunity cost, production possibility curves/frontiers
    • Scope of economics: Micro and macro economics
    • Methodology of economics: positive and normative economics, scientific methods, economics as a social
    • Economic systems: free market economy, mixed economy, consumers’ sovereignty.

Demand, supply and determination of equilibrium

• Demand analysis
  • Definition
  • Individual demand versus market demand
  • Factors influencing demand
  • Exceptional demand curves
  • Types of demand
  • Movement along and shifts of demand curves
  • Elasticity of demand
  • Types of elasticity: price, income and cross elasticity
  • Measurement of elasticity; point and arc elasticity
  • Factors influencing elasticity of demand
  • Application of elasticity of demand in management and economic policy decision making

Supply analysis

• Definition
• Individual versus market supply
• Factors influencing supply
• Movements along and shifts of supply curves
• Definition of elasticity of supply
• Price elasticity of supply
• Factors influencing elasticity of supply
• Application of elasticity of supply in management and economic policy decision making

Determination of equilibrium

• Interaction of supply and demand, equilibrium price and quantity
• Mathematical approach to equilibrium analysis
• Stable versus unstable equilibrium
• Effects of shifts in demand and supply on market equilibrium
• Price controls
• Reasons for price fluctuations in agriculture

The theory of consumer behaviour

• Approaches to the theory of the consumer – cardinal versus ordinal approach
• Utility analysis, marginal utility (MU), law of diminishing marginal utility (DMU)
• Limitations of cardinal approach
• Indifference curve analysis; Indifference curve and budget line
• Consumer equilibrium; effects of changes in prices and incomes on consumer equilibrium
• Derivation of a demand curve
• Applications of indifference curve analysis: substitution effect and income effect for a normal good, inferior good and a giffen good; derivation of the Engels curve
• Consumer surplus /Marshallian surplus

The theory of a firm

• The theory of production
  • Factors of production
  • Mobility of factors of production
  • Short run analysis
  • Total product, average and marginal products
  • Stages in production and the law of variable proportions/the law of diminishing returns
  • Long run analysis
  • Isoquant and isocost lines
  • The concept of producer equilibrium and firm’s expansion curve
  • Law of returns to scale
  • Demand and supply of factors of production
  • Wage determination theories
  • Trade unions: functions and challenges
  • Producer surplus/economic rent/Marshallian surplus

The theory of costs

• Short run costs analysis and size of the firm’s total cost, fixed cost, average cost, variable costs and marginal cost
• Long run costs analysis
• Optimal size of a firm
• Economies and diseconomies of scale

Market structures

• Definition of a market
• Necessary and sufficient conditions for profit maximisation
• Mathematical approach to profit maximisation
• Output, prices    and    efficiency   of:    perfect   competition,    monopoly, monopolistic                competition, oligopolistic competition

Macroeconomics

• National income
  • Definition of national income
  • Circular flow of income
  • Methods/approaches to measuring national income
  • Concepts of national income: gross domestic product (GDP), gross national product (GNP) and net national product (NNP), net national income (NNI) at market price and factor cost, disposable income
  • Difficulties in measuring national income
  • Uses of income statistics
  • Analysis of consumption, saving and investment and their interaction in a simple economic model
  • Determination of equilibrium national income
  • Inflationary and deflationary gaps
  • The multiplier and accelerator concepts
  • Business cycles/cyclical fluctuations

Economic growth, economic development and economic planning

• The differences between economic growth and economic development
• Actual and potential growth
• The benefits and costs of economic growth
• Determinants of economic development
• Common characteristics of developing countries
• Role of agriculture and industry in economic development
• Obstacles to economic development
• The need for development planning
• Short term, medium term and long term planning tools
• Challenges to economic planning in developing countries

Money and banking

• Money
  • The nature and functions of money
  • Demand and supply of money
  • Theories of demand for money: The quantity theory, the Keynesian liquidity preference theory

The banking system

• Definition of commercial banks
• The role of commercial banks and non-banking financial institutions in the economy
• Credit creation
• Definition of central bank
• The role of the central bank; traditional and changing role in a liberalised economy, such as financial sector reform, exchange rate reform
• Monetary policy, definition, objectives, instruments and limitations
• Determination of interest rates and their effects on the level of investment, output, inflation and employment
• Harmonisation of fiscal and monetary policies
• Simple IS–LM Model
• Partial equilibrium and general equilibrium

Inflation and unemployment

• Inflation
  • Definition and types of inflation
  • Causes of inflation: cost push and demand pull
  • Effects of inflation
  • Measures to control inflation

Unemployment

• Definition of unemployment
• Types and causes of unemployment
• Control measures of unemployment
• Relationship between unemployment and inflation: the Phillips curve

International trade and finance

• Definition of International trade
• Theory of absolute advantage and comparative advantage
• World trade organization (WTO) and concerns of developing countries
• Protection in international trade
• Regional integration organizations, commodity agreements and the relevance to less developed countries (LDCs)
• Terms of trade, balance of trade, balance of payments (causes and methods of correcting deficits in balance of payments), exchange rates, types of foreign exchange regimes, factors influencing exchange rates, foreign exchange reserves
• International financial institutions: International Monetary Fund (IMF) and World Bank
• National debt management: causes and interventions
• Structural Adjustment Programmes (SAPs) and their impacts on the LDCs

Emerging issues and trends

Click here to Purchase Public Finance and Taxation notes